Understanding Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Understanding Terrorism Essay The word psychological oppression is gotten from the word dread which intends to impart dread or weakness in somebody. It additionally intends to do acts that are viewed as cruel with a point of rebuffing or making life troublesome and unendurable for the beneficiary of the fear monger acts. Fear mongering is expansive in its extension and it is thus that there has not been a particular definition for it. Despite the fact that there is yet to be an all around concurred meaning of fear mongering, there is by all accounts a consistent concession to the key segments of psychological oppression. A portion of these parts incorporate intimidation and viciousness. Numerous investigations have been directed to uncover what causes fear based oppression, the strategies utilized by psychological oppressors and focuses for fear monger assaults. This conversation tries to dive considerably further to discover what angles drive fear mongering (Lockyer. 2003). Targets of Terrorist assaults There are various goals with which psychological militant assaults are submitted. The principle point as of now referenced is to impart dread in the objective party. Demonstrations of psychological oppression are intended to make one apprehensive so they don't proceed with a specific situation that may not be great for the aggressors. Psychological oppression thusly is utilized to guarantee that there is across the board dread (Lockyer. 2003). Fear based oppressor assaults are likewise intended to make consideration particularly in the media with the goal that the gathering liable for the psychological militant assaults can be perceived. Demonstrations of psychological warfare are likewise completed as a method of debilitating; humiliating and bothering the administration through its security organizations by causing it to seem feeble and abusive. Accordingly, the administration winds up going overboard and is in this way exposed to open disparagement (Gus. 2009). Thornton, in his book, Terror as Weapon of Political Agitation, contends that one of the principle targets for fear based oppressor assaults is to fabricate spirit inside the psychological militant gathering. At whatever point they complete the destructive assaults, the fear based oppressors feel that their effect in the general public is felt and this causes them to feel critical inside their association. Psychological oppression bunches additionally participate in their questionable exercises as a method of inciting some type of reaction or input particularly from the legislature. It is therefore now and again utilized as a method of making known the complaints of a specific gathering to the administration (Bernard. 2007). Strategies Psychological oppressor bunches have various strategies they use in doing their exercises. Their strategies are to such an extent that they are not handily suspected by the law requirement organizations. Fear based oppression principally comes because of uncertain clash particularly between the psychological oppressor gathering and the administration in power. The fear based oppressor bunch along these lines endeavors by all way to baffle any endeavors by the legislature. This they do in various manners. A portion of these strategies incorporate religion obsession where individuals are kind of programmed to join certain strict gatherings which will in general control the way wherein individuals think and settle on their choices. They along these lines indoctrinate individuals into believing that the administration in power don't have their eventual benefits on a basic level and this prompts resistance to the legislature by the individuals (Lockyer. 2003). Now and again, psychological militant gatherings can pronounce open resistance to the legislature of the day, as a strategy of completing their thought processes. For instance, the ongoing assault on the capital city of Uganda, Kampala, is supposed to be connected to Al Shabab who are against the arrangement of harmony keeping troops in Somalia. Different strategies incorporate denying the number of inhabitants in their essential monetary needs in order to prompt an open objection. Now and again, the psychological oppressor gatherings can force that there ought to be just a specific type of government instead of the type of government that as of now oversees a specific nation. For instance, in Somalia, the Al Shabaab bunch has been exceptionally contradicted to the legislature of Somali and they have made a few endeavors to assume control over the administration (Gus. 2009). Focuses There are different focuses on that a psychological militant gathering may have contingent upon their thought processes. It likewise relies upon the philosophies and convictions held by the gathering. For instance, a fear based oppressor bunch that is against a specific religion will consistently target regions that are as often as possible visited by that gathering. In the event that it is a worldwide organization that is at the focal point of discussion, at that point high ranking representatives might be focused by the psychological militant gatherings (Bernard. 2007). New Terrorism This term was authored after the September 11 2001 assaults which came about to death of in any event 3,000 individuals. In spite of the fact that there isn't a lot of that has changed as far as strategies and goals with the happening to new fear mongering, it is accepted this new idea is more dangerous than the previous. This is on the grounds that, while old psychological oppression planned for making consideration and making known to the general public that the gathering exists with as meager harm as could be expected under the circumstances, new fear based oppression targets making pulverization that is crushing and they will go to any quantify to accomplish their intentions. This implies they destinations of psychological oppression have changed with coming in of new fear mongering (Gus. 2009). Another thing to note is that new fear based oppression is very sorted out not at all like old psychological warfare. New fear based oppression has a progressive system of order and there are different positions which move on a level plane instead of vertically. New fear mongering is likewise twisted on religion more while old psychological oppression was twisted on political belief systems. With a few ongoing assaults being connected to the Al Qaeda gathering, these qualifications appear to be very evident. Be that as it may, taking a gander at the two ideas from a basic perspective, we note that without a doubt there isn't a lot of distinction particularly as far as strategies and target. The new fear mongering may appear to have changed the way wherein the questionable exercises are completed, however the fundamental standards despite everything continue as before (James. 2010). Job of the Media in Terrorism The media is a useful asset of correspondence particularly to general society. This is so in light of the fact that it can arrive at large numbers of individuals which different types of correspondence will be unable to. Therefore, the media has for along time been utilized by psychological oppressors to propel their purposeful publicity and other fear based oppression exercises. A genuine model is that of Osama Bin Laden who has consistently utilized the media to convey the danger and despise messages by the Al Qaeda gathering (Gus. 2009). Because of the quantity of individuals the media can reach at some random time, the pretended by the media either in halting or empowering fear based oppression is very colossal. The language utilized by the media for example, when they are writing about psychological oppression matters extraordinarily. The words they pick will rely upon how the crowd of the news will respond. Two or three examinations have been done to build up the relationship that exists between the media and demonstrations of psychological oppression. On more than one occurrence, the connection between the media and fear mongering has been portrayed as a harmonious one. This implies they rely upon one another either entirely or incompletely and that none of the two is viewed as complete without the guilty pleasure of the other. The cooperative relationship exists thusly that psychological oppressor bunches normally utilize the media to pass their message across to the objective gatherings. Then again, when the media gets data from the fear based oppressor bunches it is treated as energizing as it will grab the eye of the open consequently the media gets mainstream (Bernard. 2007). Janny de Graff, in his book Violence as Communication, attests that usually writers will in general receive the language of their sources. This implies at whatever point a columnist meets a fear based oppressor, there is a high chance that the writer will accidentally pick the language of the psychological oppressor. On the off chance that, at that point the columnist will utilize a similar language to answer to the general population, there are high possibilities that such a report will result into an open turmoil (James. 2010). Psychological oppression impactsly affects any given nation. It is hence significant that administrations of all nations monitor enviously against fear based oppression to guarantee that every one of their residents are ensured. Fear mongering has seen incredible nations particularly in the Middle East tumble down. It is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to overemphasize the significance of guarding any nation against psychological warfare. It is one of the fundamental methods of guaranteeing that a nation doesn't self-destruct References Adam, Lockyer. (2003). The connection among media and fear mongering, New York: Routlegde. Martin, G. (2009). Getting Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, New York: SAGE. Phillips, B. (2007). Getting psychological oppression: expanding on the sociological creative mind, New York: Paradigm Publishers. Poland, J. (2010). Getting Terrorism: Groups, Strategies, and Responses. Washington: Prentice Hall.

Chick Enhancer

Poultry-raising is one of the organizations that can be found here in the Philippines. It’s straightforward and accommodating, as chickens give nourishments like chicken meat and eggs. It could likewise help in the horticulture region. A few people utilize supplemental feeds with the goal that the chickens may develop quick. In any case, presently, we’re going to have an examination to locate a characteristic and better substitute, similar to Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as added substances in making supplemental feeds. Aloe vera is a delicious plant animal types that likely started in northern Africa. The species doesn't have any normally happening populaces, albeit firmly related aloes do happen in northern Africa. The species is as often as possible refered to as being utilized in natural medication since the start of the main century AD. Concentrates from A. vera are generally utilized in the beautifiers and elective medication ventures, being promoted as differently having reviving, mending, or mitigating properties. There is, in any case, minimal logical proof of the adequacy or security of Aloe vera removes for either restorative or therapeutic purposes, and what positive proof is accessible is oftentimes negated by different investigations. Aloe vera is one of the main realized normal vegan wellsprings of Vitamin B12, and it contains numerous minerals crucial to the development procedure and sound capacity of all the body's frameworks. Moringa oleifera is the most broadly developed types of the class Moringa, which is the main variety in the family Moringaceae. In creating nations, moringa can possibly improve nourishment, help food security, encourage country advancement, and bolster economical landcare. It might be utilized as scavenge for animals, a micronutrient fluid, a characteristic anthelmintic and conceivable adjuvant. Supplemental Feeds, one of the least expensive and most helpful approaches to improve the development of chickens. Articulation of the Problem: This examination plans to decide the impacts of Aloe Vera and Malunggay as added substance parts in making supplemental feeds. The specialists might want to look for the response to the issue â€Å"Can Aloe Vera and Malunggay separate be an option for development and weight enhancer on chicks? † If in this way, what is/are the symptoms of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) remove in: * Growth Skin Color * Other attributes Hypothesis: Ho: Aloe Vera and Malunggay extricates are not valuable as added substances in making supplemental feeds. Ha: Aloe Vera and Malunggay separates are viable for utilizing it as added substance segments in making supplemental feeds. Importance of the Study: There is an expansion of interest of chicken today. A large portion of the eateries in our nation are utilizing chicken for the ir claim to fame. As we as a whole realize chicken is one of the most widely recognized nourishments that we eat, and that is our explanation of seeking after this task. We might want to help the poultry-raisers to bring chickens up in a little timeframe. On the off chance that we prevailing with this undertaking we can likewise assist our economy with growing and make it progressively persuasive. This venture is additionally against on non-natural raisers since we don't know about the symptoms of that compound once we admission the chicken. We need to demonstrate that even we are an understudy we can help in our own little manner. The way that Aloe Vera and Malunggay are profoundly accessible and less expensive, this will help individuals, particularly in business ventures. They can even do it all alone.

How to Do a Chain Analysis for Problem Behaviors

How to Do a Chain Analysis for Problem Behaviors PTSD Coping Print How to Do a Chain Analysis to Change Problem Behaviors By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Kris Ubach and Quim Roser / Getty Images It can be important for a person with PTSD to learn how to do a chain analysis. People with PTSD  can develop a number of problem behaviors. However it is important to recognize that these problem behaviors develop for a reason. They are serving some kind of function, oftentimes helping someone avoid or escape distress. What Is Chain Analysis? Also known as functional analysis, a  chain analysis is a technique designed to help a person understand the function of a particular behavior.?? During a chain analysis of a particular problem behavior (for example,  deliberate self-harm),?? a person tries to uncover all the factors that led up to that behavior. In other words, a person tries to discover all the links in the chain that ultimately resulted in problem behavior. Therefore a chain analysis  will help you figure out all the things that can contribute to problem behavior. In doing so, a chain analysis can give you insight into how to change such behavior. For example, a person may identify the situation he was in, the thoughts he was experiencing, or the feelings he was having just prior to engaging in that behavior. In doing so, a person can increase his awareness of all the factors that may put him at risk for problem behavior. This way a person has better ability to intervene early on to prevent that behavior in the future. Identify What You Want to Change The first step is to identify the behavior you want to change. For example, do you want to stop engaging in self-medication through alcohol? Binge eating? Try to identify a behavior that is causing problems for you in your life. Next, think about what happened prior to you engaging in the problem behavior. What were you doing? What was going on around you? Were you in an argument? Did you have a memory of your traumatic event triggered? Basically, you want to identify the event or situation that served as the starting point for your problem behavior. 4 Steps to Shift Perspective and Change Everything Pay Attention to Thought Patterns and Feelings Now, identify what kinds of thoughts were brought up by the situation or event that led to the problem behavior. How did you evaluate the situation or yourself in that situation? Did you engage in catastrophic or all-or-none thinking? Think about what emotions you were having as a result of that situation. Try your best to list as many emotions as you possibly can, such as fear, sadness, anger, shame, guilt, embarrassment, or dread. Pay attention to what you felt in your body. Try to recognize and label all the sensations that came up. For example, did you experience shortness of breath? Muscle tension? An increased heart rate? Think about how your body reacted to the situation. Next, list off what your thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations made you want to do. That is, did they make you want to escape the situation or do something to make those feelings stop? Did you feel a need to engage in your problem behavior? Finally, think about the consequences of engaging in your problem behavior. Did you feel better afterward? Did you feel disappointed in yourself? Ashamed? Try to list as many consequences (both positive and negative) as you can. Using Self-Monitoring for PTSD to Bring Awareness of Your Emotions Tips It can be helpful to go through a chain analysis soon after you engage in problem behavior. This way, your experience is fresh in your mind and you will likely be able to remember more information about the factors that led up to your problem behavior. It might also be helpful to identify what things might have made you more susceptible to responding to the situation as you did. For example, when people do not eat well or do not get enough sleep, they may be more susceptible to experiencing negative moods or having more reactive emotional experiences. Behaviors can serve multiple functions. Therefore, go through a chain analysis for a number of different situations that led to a problem behavior and try to identify all the functions a problem behavior serves for you. After you go through the chain analysis, come up with different coping strategies you could use at each stage. In addition to identifying the function a problem behavior serves, it is also incredibly important to figure out how to break the chain through the use of healthier coping strategies.?? PTSD: Coping, Support, and Living Well

Management Can Be Seen As An Art - 1469 Words

On the other hand it could be argued that management can be seen as an art. Literature proves the Armed Forces leaders to be the best at managing change â€Å"Orion claims the most effective approach to huge cuts and organisational upheaval is for leaders to persuade their staff to understand why changes are good for them, a process that involves asking employees lots of questions about how they are feeling. This kind of brain-friendly leadership is more prevalent in the armed forces† (Dobinson, 2012). This in itself is an art form as the Armed Forces leaders are taking practical knowledge and skill and applying it to their subordinates. It is arguable that since managers are accountable for the smooth running of new strategies, management can be perceived as an art. This is due to organisational change requiring communication, vision and craft to avoid crisis. â€Å"Leaders of successful defence transformations resist the urge to reorganise; they focus first on securing the successes that can make a big difference to the momentum of a program† (Chinn Dowdy, 2014). This in itself is an art form as leaders are improving performance and altering knowledge into actions to reach measurable results. The knowing-doing gap by Pfeffer and Sutton alongside creative action articulates that a business that acts upon their knowledge eliminates fear, eradicates destructive internal competition. Managers must have the appropriate tools to accomplish their tasks and have a vision to employShow MoreRelatedThe City Upkeep And Maintenance Of Art Preservation Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesand a collection of arts. With developments untaken by the city council that which makes Lawrence uniquely is under threat, due to the changing landscape around the community. While this is a changing landscape questions arise of how the arts are being implicated in this city landscape and the future of artistic development. This research will focus on the city upkeep and maint enance of art preservation and the roles which Lawrence plays as well as the benefits of proper arts interjection. Read MoreEssay about Exploring the Arts and Resource Management1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"resource management† is an umbrella term that encompasses all forms of resources and how they can be developed and managed to create an effective and efficient use of the organizations available resources. Resources are typically thought of as including tangible things such as goods, buildings, equipment, technology, financial resources, and people, or non-tangible things like creative ideas, vision, and mission. Each of these resources can be broken down to fit into a more specific categoryRead MoreInfluence of Sun Tzu on Management Strategy1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Sun Tzu- â€Å"The Art of War† on Current Business Strategy Management and Tactics MGT 4335 Management struggles constantly day in and day out in order to meet the rigorous demands of their organization. Meeting after meeting, they try to stay ahead of the competition and look for any competitive advantage that they may have to control the market share. The current strategies of top management teams today have been derived from many influential leaders of ancient warfare. One ofRead MoreThe Arts Administration Is Also Known As Arts Management1593 Words   |  7 Pages The arts administration is also known as arts management industry is seen as a broad and ill-defined career, as the manager gets the opportunity to explore a wide variety of roles within an arts organisation. Arts management revolves around business operations surrounding any arts organisation. An arts manager is an administrator that organise and facilitates with the day to day business activities of an arts company; this could involve writing a business report, working alongside the artisticRead MoreManagement1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Management? Definitions According to Harold Koontz, Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organised groups. Harold Koontz gave this definition of management in his book The Management Theory Jungle. According to Henri Fayol, To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control. Henri Fayol gave this definition of management in his book Industrial and General Administration. Image Credits  ©Read MoreManagement Defintions1012 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Management? Definitions According to Harold Koontz, Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organised groups. Harold Koontz gave this definition of management in his book The Management Theory Jungle. According to Henri Fayol, To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control. Henri Fayol gave this definition of management in his book Industrial and General Administration. Image CreditsRead MoreManagement and People1595 Words   |  7 Pagesscope of management Management has different definitions, from different theorists. There are various ways of describing management, so in this assignment the different definitions of management would be discussed and we would also see how most of the definitions are similar, along with their functions. We should consider management look at why management is very relevant. We should see how the various views of these management theorists are similar and also if they contrast. Management, as definedRead MoreCulinary Arts Is The Act Of Preparing Food1636 Words   |  7 PagesCulinary arts is the act of preparing food. However, has simple it may look, culinary art is a wide topic that needs to be divided into a small bit for people to understand. Therefore culinary arts is anything related to food which entails preparation of food, planning of the menu, the styling of food or edible art designing, nutrition and diet, management of hotel and restaurant, and even photography of food (Labensky, Hause, Martel, Malley, Bevan, Sicoli, 2014: Panlasang Pinoy., 2017). TheseRead MoreFirst, I Will Be Explaining My Management Style. Even After1406 Words   |  6 PagesFirst, I will be explaining my management style. Even after discussing management styles, I am still not sure where I fall. I took several quizzes, but would get a different answer each time. Personally, I believe I usually settle between the authoritative and pacesetting management styles. I have hig h standards, but I am open to letting others find better way to complete a task. If they fail, I will take over and do the task myself, or let someone I find more knowledgable do it. I usually work byRead MoreDatabase Analysis : The Metropolitan Museum Of Art878 Words   |  4 Pages storage, management, and use of data within a database environment†. (Database Systems, 2013) A database is part of a larger system known as an information system, it helps with the collection, storage and retrieval of data. The database structure needs to be defined and its fields labeled properly for it to be an asset to the user. The database environment I have selected to analyze is the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. On April 13, 1870, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was opened

Customer Satisfaction - Framework - 9815 Words

Customer Satisfaction IMPROVING QUALITY AND ACCESS TO SERVICES AND SUPPORTS IN VULNERABLE NEIGHBORHOODS Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction IMPROVING QUALITY AND ACCESS TO SERVICES AND SUPPORTS IN VULNERABLE NEIGHBORHOODS February 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7 II. What will a Customer Satisfaction Framework Offer ........................... 9 A. A Hypothetical Example — Application to Public Human Services ......................... 9 B. A Hypothetical Example of an Engaged and Informed Resident Consumer Strategy†¦show more content†¦Improving service quality to meet customers’ standards is an ongoing part of doing business. In this way, customers drive the market and the organization. At the same time that organizations act to attract and satisfy customers, the customers themselves exercise ultimate influence. Their satisfaction depends on both their expectations and their treatment. Through their choices, customers decide which organizations survive and thrive, determine what goods and services are available, and shape how they are provided. In addition to using their purchasing power, informed consumers can shape the marketplace by communicating their preferences and standards to organizations that are poised to listen and respond. Contents of This Paper For both service providers and consumers, making customer satisfaction a priority involves a fundamental shift in thinking, organizing and acting. The customer satisfaction framework proposed in this paper explores the potential of a customer satisfaction orientation as a means for improving the goods and services, including those provided by the public sector, available to residents of tough neighborhoods. This paper describes the ideas and research underlying the framework and potential strategies for moving from concepts to action. 7 Customer Satisfaction: Improving Quality andShow MoreRelatedMeasuring Customer Service at American Express1367 Words   |  6 PagesMeasuring Customer Satisfaction at American Express American Express is a world wide travel related service company. American Express works with both consumers and business with their financial planning as well as offers numerous amounts of credit card products and travel assistance. They have many products and services that are used throughout the world by consumers and businesses. As American Express moves towards the future, like most credit card companies, they want to be competitive and responsiveRead MoreCustomer Service Essay examples1384 Words   |  6 Pagesare misguided nowadays by the notion that customers depend on them, when the truth of the matter is that companies are dependent on those customers. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty is now essential for a business or company to survive. So what is the difference between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty and how to companies and or business achieve this? Also when you have difficult customers how do you achieve customer satisfaction? It’s essential that companiesRead MoreManaging Operations Dubai Case Study1730 Words   |  7 Pagespursuit of excellence and customer satisfaction. It is this pursuit of excellence and customer satisfaction that brings an establishment’s operational management to the forefront of an executives mind. This report has been compiled to analyse Wendy and David’s experience at The Creek Hotel in Dubai in order to identify possible issues relating to the management of operations, and present possible solutions to the issues identified by using the appropriate theoretical framework. The report will then concludeRead MoreEffect of Experiential Value on Customer Satisfaction with Service Encounters in Luxury-Hotel Restaurants7250 Words   |  29 Pagesexperiential value on customer satisfaction with service encounters in luxury-hotel restaurants Cedric Hsi-Jui Wu a, Rong-Da Liang b,* a b Department of Business Administration, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien county, Taiwan Department of Marketing and Logistics Management, National Penghu University, Penghu County, Taiwan A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords: Experience marketing Service encounter factors Experiential value Consumer satisfaction Exactly how the restaurantRead MoreThesis Customer Satisfaction2111 Words   |  9 Pagesthe assessment of related literature to show the relevance of the literature to the study. RELATED LITERATURE Customer satisfaction is the most fundamental requirement for being in business. Therefore, every organization should plan the right strategies for dealing with customers, communicating with them, providing pleasant services and retaining them forever with specially chosen customer contact employees, all leading to their delight. Since most of the quality problems arise due to misunderstoodRead MoreA Conceptual Study on the Relationship Between Service Quality Towards Customer Satisfaction: Servqual and Gronroos’s Service Quality Model Perspective6825 Words   |  28 PagesAsian Social Science; Vol. 8, No. 13; 2012 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Conceptual Study on the Relationship between Service Quality towards Customer Satisfaction: Servqual and Gronroos’s Service Quality Model Perspective Muhammad Sabbir Rahman1, Abdul Highe Khan2 Md. Mahmudul Haque2 1 2 Graduate School of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, International IslamicRead MoreHotel and Restaurant Management Research8059 Words   |  33 Pagesreaders can be found at the end of this article Customer satisfaction measurement in a business-to-business context: a conceptual framework Jeanne Rossomme Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, University of Miami, Florida, USA Keywords Customer satisfaction, Business-to-business marketing, Industrial marketing, Relationship marketing, Organizational behaviour, Market research Abstract In practice, firms measure customer satisfaction using models and theory developed for evaluatingRead MoreProposal3059 Words   |  13 Pagesobjective is to enhance its ‘customer value for money’ offering through the continual evolution of its products, services, and layout. At present SM selling value concept is based on management’s perception of its juice, smoothie, soup, pasta and salad products as premium quality offered at an affordable price, averaging $8.20 per transaction. However management has no clear understanding of how its customers perceive SM’s value or SM’s customer demographic to form a customer profile. The researchRead MoreCustomer Feedback Management: Its Effects on Quality of Service Delivery in Mcdonalds Recto Outlet2801 Words   |  12 Pages------------------------------------------------- Customer Feedback Management: Its Effects on Quality of Service Delivery in McDonald’s Recto Outlet In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement ------------------------------------------------- in BUS 6J53 ------------------------------------------------- A Research Proposal Presented by M0535 Group 4 Members: Corral, Melissa De Villa, Mark Elli Park, Jongyoung San Antonio, Honeyjoie Supleo, Geraldine SeptemberRead MoreLevel of Customer’s Satisfaction Regarding Food and Service Quality Rendered in a Food Court4991 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction: Customers are the lifeblood of every organization. As such, customer satisfaction is its primary goal and profit maximization is only secondary. Most companies in every industry aim to deliver great value in their products and services to maintain a competitive position food quality was found to be the most important factor contributing to customers overall satisfaction. (Yen-Soon, Moreo, Yeh, 2004). It is suggested that management should

Civil Rights Movement Free Essays

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The civil rights movement in America had a wide variety of successes over time. As successful as they were, all went through their share of hardships and struggles. Major desegregation acts in history include Brown vs, Board of Education, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the Civil Rights Act of 1957. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now These events changed life for African Americans to come. In the early 1950’s, racial segregation in public schools was the norm across America. Although all the schools in a given district were supposed to be equal, most black schools were inferior to their white counterparts. Brown vs. Board of Education was a decision of the US Supreme Court in 1954 that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students was unconstitutional. It was a giant step towards complete desegregation of public schools. However, even partial desegregation of these schools, was still very far away. Started by the arrest of Rosa Parks on 1 December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott was a 13-month protest that ended with the U. S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional. At one point in time, 90 percent of African American bus riders were choosing to walk. The bus boycott demonstrated nonviolent protest to successfully challenge racial segregation and was an example for other campaigns that followed. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , being the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, spoke to many about the Montgomery Bus Boycott, commonly expressing that, ‘‘I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city†. The bus boycott was followed by a similar judgment concerning interstate buses. However, states in the Deep South continued their own policy of transport segregation. The 1964 Civil Rights Act made racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, restaurants and hotels, illegal. It also required employers to give equal employment opportunities. The Civil Rights Act also attempted to deal with the problem of African Americans being denied the vote in the Deep South. The legislation stated it must prevail for establishing the right to vote. Schooling to sixth grade constituted legal proof of literacy and the attorney general was given power to give legal action in any area that they found resistance to the law. These three things impacted American history and all strengthened a complete integration that many during this time were moving toward. Without these, who knows where the U. S. would be at, in terms of racial issues, today? How to cite Civil Rights Movement, Papers Civil Rights Movement Free Essays During the 1960s it was the start of the civil rights movement. It’s quite a significant period in American history for equality since the Civil war. African American has had enough of the unjust way they’ve been treated. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was about the fight to attain something more than just changing the law but also come together as a nation to continue the fight for freedom and solve these social issues that were oppressing people of color. In order for this to happen, African Americans must of have taken actions that would greatly affect the system that they were forced to live. This was a time where uniting in their community was essential to the cause of the civil rights movement. Overcoming all these challenges was difficult as they were met with many oppositionists that were peaceful and non-peaceful. Many different leaders had a different philosophy on how to resolve their issues. Ultimately, they all had the same goal which was to find freedom and equality for their people. The civil rights movement was about battling against the racial injustices in America and getting equality to all people, while at the same time offering solutions to resolve all these issues in America. In the civil rights movement, African American were faced with dangers and obstacles in this fight. With all the rallies, marches that were organized, or just simply living their life, came a lot of unwelcome physical violence. One prime example of this is the peaceful marches people came and were then beaten by the police. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. directly explains, â€Å"when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, and even kill your black brothers and sisters† (p.28-29).Most of the time it was no fault of the protester, but it was because of the racism and hate police had people of color. Another, yet similar, example of violence, experienced by Anne Moody. This was a protest in the death of Medgar. Anne, as well as other protesters, were arrested and put into a paddy wagon or garbage trucks and left in the fields. â€Å"The driver rolled up the windows,† describes civil rights activist Anne Moody, â€Å"turned the heater on, got out, closed the door and left us† (p.49). The protesters were not treated with any respect but instead treated like animals. Police brutality was a reality that was expected to be confronted with at rallies. However, they had to show no signs no signs of counter-attack and peaceful throughout the protest. It was part of King’s non-violent approach during the civil rights movement. The oppression and discrimination of sorts was a battle that people of color faced during the 1960s. All of this was part of an everyday life for African Americans. However, there was some type discrimination within them. This was the role that women were allowed to be part of in the marches. Civil rights activist Rosa Parks states, â€Å"women were not allowed to play much of a role. The marching committee didn’t want Coretta Scott King and the other wives of the male leaders to march with their husbands† (p.44). This was the separation of women and men for no reason. It shows the inequality that was present during the 1960s but also a bit ironic since the whole point of the march was the fight for equal rights. It’s also a representation of how much more work is needed to make this world equal for everyone. Moreover, the discrimination against color people was quite vibrant in all aspects of the ways African Americans lived. African Americans were hit with a lot of discriminatory signs in public accommodations that were extremely racially offensive. When there seemed to have been some type of change with that, it only lasted for a while and went back to the same old thing. â€Å"We realize that we were the victims of a broken promise. A few signs, briefly removed, returned; the others remained,† expresses activist Martin Luther King, Jr. (p.26). Just because of their skin color they were met with racist signs. As I said before it’s not just a legal change that was occurring but also a social one that needed a change. It was important to have a change in opinion by this country’s society. It was also about combating the racism black people faced on a daily basis throughout their day. Anne Moody was a victim of what black people faced and hoped to change. Anne Moody was physically abused because of the color of her skin, â€Å"then the mob started to smear her and others with ketchup, mustard, sugar, pies, and everything in the counter† (p.45). This was just for sitting at the counter in a restaurant. In the midst of all this chaos, African Americans took action to combat all the racism they were facing and unjust laws that in order to get to a solution. There were many strategies that civil rights activist proposed and practiced that were put on the table in order to find solutions. One of these influencers proposed to have a unification of all black people. â€Å"Keep our religion between ourselves and our God, but when coming out here, we have a fight that is common to all of us against an enemy who is common to all of us,† expresses Muslim and civil rights leader Malcolm X (p.72-73). This a time where everyone must put their beliefs and differences aside in order to progress. At the end of the day, they all have the same goal and the same foe to fight against. This is a call to action where they must gain control of their own fate but in order for that to happen, they must invest in their own self. One of Malcolm’s main objectives to combat the oppressive system black people were living in was different to King’s method. King’s method was a non-violent one and have all people, no matter the color, come together to erase the racism between people. Malcolm was more having only black people come together as a community to help one another in order to progress. Muslim speaker states, â€Å"The community in which you spend your money becomes richer and richer. The community out of which you take your money becomes poorer and poorer† (p.74). Malcolm wants black people to stop spending their money in communities they are not part of. He insists that it by spending money in your own community, it becomes richer and in then being able to prosper. This was just one of the few things that he proposes to during this time period. The 1960s was another major time period for African Americans to fight for equal rights in this country. This time period is a big turning point for all people of color. It signifies that by uniting everyone for a cause, situations can be changed for the better no matter how difficult the obstacle. It was the fight to change the social, political, cultural, and laws that cast a shadow on the people of color by discriminating them. The civil rights movement gave birth to different many leaders on how to solve this issues that were happening at that time. With many people taking action and finding solutions, also came a lot of misfortunes that brought many difficulties in the fight for equality. Many discrimination acts were against African American that they had the courage to unite for a better tomorrow. It was all about getting equality for every single person. Although today our world is not completely equal as we want it to be, there is no doubt that we have made some remarkable advancements in our society. Looking back at the history of the civil rights movement there’s for sure something that we learn from and use today to solve our current issues. How to cite Civil Rights Movement, Papers Civil Rights Movement Free Essays The success achieved following the years of the Second World War only determined the Civil Rights activists to continue their fight for equal treatment. The important Supreme Court ruling of Brown v The Board of Education outlawed the segregated state sponsored school system, which had promoted legal segregation of elementary schools. However there was much need for a proper implementation of this decision and for further legal action. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The murder of Emmet Till and the subsequent acquittal of his white killers represented a lost opportunity for the justice system to lay its impartial role. From there on, the goals, the leaders and the tactics of the Civil Rights movement changed from legal to direct actions. This evolution was partly due to the fact that there were continuous attempts to interfere with legal actions that the NAACP was undergoing in achieving equality for the Black community. Thus the main goal became now the determined fight against segregation with clear targets such as desegregation of Albany or Birmingham. (Jenkins 1997). The means however, although they was less legal action involved, remained non-violent, and often took the form of boycotts, freedom rides. One such example was the Montgomery Bus Boycott against the segregated transportation system in Alabama, which resulted in the end in a Supreme Court ruling against the State of Alabama. The tactics involved activities at the local level, which were now conducted by Church members, thus the community became much more implicated. Among these, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who would later become one of the leading figures of the Civil Rights Movement. Also, sit-ins were organized by students in order to encourage the desegregation in schools. The efforts culminated with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. (African American Odyssey 2002). However, slowly, the cooperation between the black civil rights militants and the whites became an obstacle for those who believed in more radical moves. Thus leaders such as Stokely Carmichael began advocating a new concept, that of â€Å"black power† which demanded freedom from white authority both economically and political. Its means of representation sought more an improvement of the black communities rather than their integration in the white reality. Thus, it encouraged self consciousness and self reliance, along with the creation of a strong cultural conscience. The role of the black women is rather important as they too strived for recognition of their rights. However, the emancipation movement that had galvanized the black community was doubled by the feminist movement which in its turn demanded for equal rights for men and women. (Williams n. d. ). Nonetheless, from a wider perspective, black women represented an indispensable element for the complete emancipation of the black community in offering both practical and moral support. One such personality was Gospel Singer Mahalia Jackson who had joined the Civil Rights Movement at the request of Dr. King and who represented an important figure for the black cultural emerging identity. (African American Odyssey 2002). Bibliography African American Odyssey. (2002). Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and Demonstrations. Retrieved 9 May 2006 from Library of Congress Web site: http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9b. html Jenkins, P. (1997). A history of the United States. New York: Palgrave. Williams, M. (n. d). Black Women and the Struggle for Liberation. [Electronic version]. Third World Women’s Alliance. Black Women’s Manifesto. NY: Third World Women’s Alliance. How to cite Civil Rights Movement, Papers

Architectural Branding free essay sample

The 4P’s have been extended to 7P’s namely: Price, Place, Promotion, People, Physical Evidence and Process. Architectural Branding is an important element of Physical Evidence very strongly prevailing in International Brands e. g. Calvin Klein, Nike town, DG, Prada etc. With the changing Indian Market scenario and customer awareness Indian Brands have now realised to incorporate the culture of Architectural Branding as an important brand element. Possibly Brands like Colour Plus, Wills Lifestyle, Sepia also are trying to incorporate the concept of Architectural Banding. Therefore through an exploratory research on the related topics of branding it was felt that architectural branding will help us in the long run in the industry and would widen our horizon of knowledge. Down the line I felt that this concept would be taught to us in our course curriculum of Fashion Management. Through this topic of Architectural Branding we would get to learn about basics of Architecture, Interior Design and Design Space and relating these subjects to the Market Research and Consumer Behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on Architectural Branding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Information Needed ? Introduction to Architectural Branding Concepts of Architecture †¢ Material †¢ Types of Structure ? Architecture in Retail †¢ Exteriors †¢ Interior Design †¢ Store Layout, Design

Guava fruit Essay Example

Guava fruit Essay The intestinal digestive enzymes alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are plays a vital role in the carbohydrate digestion. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach reduces the post prandial glucose level in blood by the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These can be an important strategy in management of blood glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical bioactive compounds of the methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves, its in vitro anti-diabetic activity.The assay results suggests that the presence of bioactive compounds, could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant including diabetes, the extract exhibit the dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme (upto 89. 4%), and alpha-amylase enzyme (upto 96. 3%). The current study proves that the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves by in vitro studies. * Keywords Psidium guajava; Phytochemica l; alphaglucosidase; alpha-amylase Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs he metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the world health organization estimated a total of 171 million of people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al. , 2004). With a long course and serious complications often resulting in high deathrate, the treatment of diabetes spent vast amount of resources including medicines, diets, physical training and so on in all countries.Thus searching for a new class of compounds is essential to overcome diabetic problems. There is continuous search for alternative drugs (Syamsudin, 2010). 15 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) is commonly known as Peru or Guava in English. The Psidium guajava leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, stomachache, dysentery and decoction of the leaves for cholera patients, toothache and gum boils. The leaves showed hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, myocardial depressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic actions (Ross, 1999).Inhibition of alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes can be an important strategy in management of post prandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes patient (Ali et al. , 2006). Thus, objective of the present study is to investigate the phyto chemical, invitro antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids by using standard phytochemical procedures (Evans, W. C and Evans, T. 2003). In vitro methods employed in antidiabetic studies Inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme A starch solution (0. 1% w/v) was obtained by stirring 0. g of potato starch in 100 ml of 16 mM of sodium acetate buffer. The enzyme solution was prepared by mix ing 27. 5 mg of alpha-amylase in 100 ml of distilled water. The colorimetric reagent is prepared by mixing sodium potassium tartarate solution and 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid solution 96 mM. Both control and plant extracts were added with starch solution and left to react with alpha- amylase solution under alkaline conditions at 25? C. The reaction was measured over 3 minutes. The generation of maltose was quantified by the reduction of 3, 5 dinitro salicylic acid to 3amino-5- nitro salicylic acid.This reaction is detectable at 540 nm (Malik and Singh, 1980). Materials and Methods Plant material and extraction The fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected locally and authenticated by the department of Botany, St. Joseph College, Trichy. The shade dried Psidium guajava leaves were powdered mechanically and stored in an air tight container. The extraction was carried out by hot percolation method using Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent used was methanol. About 100 gm of powder was extracted with 600 ml of methanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness under controlled temperature 4050Â °C.The percentage yield was found to be 10. 15%. The extract was preserved in refrigerator till further use. Phytochemical Screening For preliminary phytochemical analysis the freshly prepared crude methanolic extracts of leaves were tested for the presence or absence of phytoconstituents such as 16 Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme The inhibitory activity was determined by incubating a solution of starch substrate (2 % w/v maltose or sucrose) 1 ml with 0. 2 M Tris buffer pH 8. 0 and various concentration of plant extract for 5 min at 37Â °C.The reaction was initiated by adding 1 ml of alpha-glucosidase enzyme (1U/ml) to it followed by incubation for 40 min at 35Â °C. Then the reaction was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of 6N HCl. Then the intensity of the colour was measured at 540nm (Krishnaveni et al. , 1984). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-1 9 Calculation of 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) The concentration of the plant extracts required to scavenge 50% of the radicals (IC50) was calculated by using the percentage scavenging activities at five different concentrations of the extract.Percentage inhibition (I %) was calculated by I % = (Ac-As)/Ac X 100, (Shai et al. , 2010). where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the sample. Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves S. No. Phytochemical Constituents Name of the Test Mayer s test Dragondraff test Wagner Test Molish Test Fehling Test Benedicts Test Lead Acetate Ferric chloride. Ammonia Salkowaski H2So4 Liebermann s Burchard Test H2So4 Ammonia Shinoda s Test Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Borntrager s test Methanolic Extract + + + + + + + Condensed Tannin + + + + + _ Alkaloids 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Tannins Pseudo tannins Chlorogenic acid Steroidal Glycosides Anthocyanin Steroidal Glycosides Saponins g lycosides Flavonoids Flavones Phenols Coumarin Phytochemical constituents Results The preliminary phytochemical screening tests for the methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves (Table 1) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavones, tannins, steroidal glycosides, phenols and coumarin. Any of these secondary metabolites, singly or in combination with others could be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of the plant.There was a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity against alphaamylase enzyme. At a concentration of 0. 2 ml of plant extract showed a percentage inhibition 27. 8% and for 1. 0 ml plant extract showed inhibition of 96. 3% (Table 2). The Psidium guajava methanol extract revealed a significant inhibitory action of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The percentage inhibition at 0. 2-1. 0 ml concentrations of Psidium guajava extract showed a dose dependent increase in percentage inhibition. The percentage inhibition varied from 89. 4% 31. 7% for highest concentration to the lowest oncentration (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +++= High; + = Present; ++ = Moderate; = Absent Table. 2 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha-amylase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % of Inhibition 27. 8 48. 9 62. 5 87. 2 96. 3 17 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Table 3 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha glucosidase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % Of Inhibition 31. 7 53. 9 68. 2 76. 5 89. 4 Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with increasing incidence throughout the world.Insulin is a key player in the control of glucose homeostasis. Lack of insulin affects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Rajiv Gandhi and Sasikumar, 2012). Management of diabetes without side effects is still challenge to the medical community. It was proposed that inhibition of the activity of such alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase would delay the degradation of carbohydrate, which would in turn cause a decrease in the absorption of glucose, as a result the reduction of postprandial blood glucose level elevation (Rhabaso Lhoret and Chiasson, 2004).In the present study, research has been carried out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical investigation and the potential of methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaf in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The present finding of Phytochemical screening of the plant extract confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavones, tannins and phenols which could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant. The present finding reveals that Psidium guajava efficiently inhibits both alpha18 mylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in vitro in a dose dependent manner. The aqueous extracts from Syzygium cumini seeds and Psidium guajava leaves both showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase activity (K arthic et al. , 2008). The antidiabetic action of Psidium guajava can also be attributed to the intestinal alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Psidium guajava have antidiabetic potential by in vivo for validating the traditional claim of the plant.In this present study we evaluated in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of crude methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves. The plant showed significant inhibition activity, so further the compound isolation, purification and characterization which is responsible for inhibiting activity, has to be done for the usage of antidiabetic agent. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr. P. Selvaraj, Chairman, Shivani Group of Institutions, Trichy, whose spacious heart cheered our efforts to process this venture properly, successfully to complete the task.Also we extend our thanks to The Secretary, The Principal and The Staff members of the SSK Polytechni c College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. References Ali, H. , P. J. Houghton, and Soumyanath, A. 2006. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107: 449-455. Evans, W. C. , and Evans, T. 2003. Pharmacognosy, 5th Edn. , Cambridge University Press, London, 336-93. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Karthic, K. , K. S. Kirthiram, S. Sadasivam, and Thayumanavan, B. 2008. Identification of amylase inhibitors from Syzygium cumini Linn seeds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 6:677- 680. Krishnaveni,S. , B.Theymoli, and Sadasivam,S. 1984. Food Chem. 15: 229. Malik,C. P. , and Singh, M. B. 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 278. Rajiv Gandhi, G. , and Sasikumar, P. 2012. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm. F. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2: 281-286. Rhabaso Lhoret, R. , and Chiasson, J. L. , 2004. Glucosidase inhibitors. In: Defronzo R. A, Ferrannini E, Keen H, Zimmet P. (Eds. ), International Textbook of Di abetes Mellitus, Vol. 1, third ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , UK, pp. 901-914. Ross, I. A. 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Human Press Inc. , Totowa, NJ. 263-272. Shai, L. J. , P. Masoko, M. PMokgotho, S. R. Magano, M. A. Mogale, N. Boaduo, and Eloff, J. N. 2010. South African J. Bot. 76: 465 470. Syamsudin,S. , 2010. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2. 430-435. Wild, S. , G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and King, H. 2004. Global prevalence of Diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 27:1047-1053. 19 Guava fruit Essay Example Guava fruit Essay The intestinal digestive enzymes alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are plays a vital role in the carbohydrate digestion. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach reduces the post prandial glucose level in blood by the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These can be an important strategy in management of blood glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical bioactive compounds of the methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves, its in vitro anti-diabetic activity.The assay results suggests that the presence of bioactive compounds, could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant including diabetes, the extract exhibit the dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme (upto 89. 4%), and alpha-amylase enzyme (upto 96. 3%). The current study proves that the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves by in vitro studies. * Keywords Psidium guajava; Phytochemica l; alphaglucosidase; alpha-amylase Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs he metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the world health organization estimated a total of 171 million of people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al. , 2004). With a long course and serious complications often resulting in high deathrate, the treatment of diabetes spent vast amount of resources including medicines, diets, physical training and so on in all countries.Thus searching for a new class of compounds is essential to overcome diabetic problems. There is continuous search for alternative drugs (Syamsudin, 2010). 15 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) is commonly known as Peru or Guava in English. The Psidium guajava leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, stomachache, dysentery and decoction of the leaves for cholera patients, toothache and gum boils. The leaves showed hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, myocardial depressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic actions (Ross, 1999).Inhibition of alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes can be an important strategy in management of post prandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes patient (Ali et al. , 2006). Thus, objective of the present study is to investigate the phyto chemical, invitro antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids by using standard phytochemical procedures (Evans, W. C and Evans, T. 2003). In vitro methods employed in antidiabetic studies Inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme A starch solution (0. 1% w/v) was obtained by stirring 0. g of potato starch in 100 ml of 16 mM of sodium acetate buffer. The enzyme solution was prepared by mix ing 27. 5 mg of alpha-amylase in 100 ml of distilled water. The colorimetric reagent is prepared by mixing sodium potassium tartarate solution and 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid solution 96 mM. Both control and plant extracts were added with starch solution and left to react with alpha- amylase solution under alkaline conditions at 25? C. The reaction was measured over 3 minutes. The generation of maltose was quantified by the reduction of 3, 5 dinitro salicylic acid to 3amino-5- nitro salicylic acid.This reaction is detectable at 540 nm (Malik and Singh, 1980). Materials and Methods Plant material and extraction The fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected locally and authenticated by the department of Botany, St. Joseph College, Trichy. The shade dried Psidium guajava leaves were powdered mechanically and stored in an air tight container. The extraction was carried out by hot percolation method using Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent used was methanol. About 100 gm of powder was extracted with 600 ml of methanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness under controlled temperature 4050Â °C.The percentage yield was found to be 10. 15%. The extract was preserved in refrigerator till further use. Phytochemical Screening For preliminary phytochemical analysis the freshly prepared crude methanolic extracts of leaves were tested for the presence or absence of phytoconstituents such as 16 Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme The inhibitory activity was determined by incubating a solution of starch substrate (2 % w/v maltose or sucrose) 1 ml with 0. 2 M Tris buffer pH 8. 0 and various concentration of plant extract for 5 min at 37Â °C.The reaction was initiated by adding 1 ml of alpha-glucosidase enzyme (1U/ml) to it followed by incubation for 40 min at 35Â °C. Then the reaction was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of 6N HCl. Then the intensity of the colour was measured at 540nm (Krishnaveni et al. , 1984). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-1 9 Calculation of 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) The concentration of the plant extracts required to scavenge 50% of the radicals (IC50) was calculated by using the percentage scavenging activities at five different concentrations of the extract.Percentage inhibition (I %) was calculated by I % = (Ac-As)/Ac X 100, (Shai et al. , 2010). where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the sample. Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves S. No. Phytochemical Constituents Name of the Test Mayer s test Dragondraff test Wagner Test Molish Test Fehling Test Benedicts Test Lead Acetate Ferric chloride. Ammonia Salkowaski H2So4 Liebermann s Burchard Test H2So4 Ammonia Shinoda s Test Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Borntrager s test Methanolic Extract + + + + + + + Condensed Tannin + + + + + _ Alkaloids 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Tannins Pseudo tannins Chlorogenic acid Steroidal Glycosides Anthocyanin Steroidal Glycosides Saponins g lycosides Flavonoids Flavones Phenols Coumarin Phytochemical constituents Results The preliminary phytochemical screening tests for the methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves (Table 1) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavones, tannins, steroidal glycosides, phenols and coumarin. Any of these secondary metabolites, singly or in combination with others could be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of the plant.There was a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity against alphaamylase enzyme. At a concentration of 0. 2 ml of plant extract showed a percentage inhibition 27. 8% and for 1. 0 ml plant extract showed inhibition of 96. 3% (Table 2). The Psidium guajava methanol extract revealed a significant inhibitory action of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The percentage inhibition at 0. 2-1. 0 ml concentrations of Psidium guajava extract showed a dose dependent increase in percentage inhibition. The percentage inhibition varied from 89. 4% 31. 7% for highest concentration to the lowest oncentration (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +++= High; + = Present; ++ = Moderate; = Absent Table. 2 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha-amylase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % of Inhibition 27. 8 48. 9 62. 5 87. 2 96. 3 17 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Table 3 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha glucosidase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % Of Inhibition 31. 7 53. 9 68. 2 76. 5 89. 4 Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with increasing incidence throughout the world.Insulin is a key player in the control of glucose homeostasis. Lack of insulin affects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Rajiv Gandhi and Sasikumar, 2012). Management of diabetes without side effects is still challenge to the medical community. It was proposed that inhibition of the activity of such alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase would delay the degradation of carbohydrate, which would in turn cause a decrease in the absorption of glucose, as a result the reduction of postprandial blood glucose level elevation (Rhabaso Lhoret and Chiasson, 2004).In the present study, research has been carried out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical investigation and the potential of methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaf in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The present finding of Phytochemical screening of the plant extract confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavones, tannins and phenols which could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant. The present finding reveals that Psidium guajava efficiently inhibits both alpha18 mylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in vitro in a dose dependent manner. The aqueous extracts from Syzygium cumini seeds and Psidium guajava leaves both showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase activity (K arthic et al. , 2008). The antidiabetic action of Psidium guajava can also be attributed to the intestinal alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Psidium guajava have antidiabetic potential by in vivo for validating the traditional claim of the plant.In this present study we evaluated in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of crude methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves. The plant showed significant inhibition activity, so further the compound isolation, purification and characterization which is responsible for inhibiting activity, has to be done for the usage of antidiabetic agent. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr. P. Selvaraj, Chairman, Shivani Group of Institutions, Trichy, whose spacious heart cheered our efforts to process this venture properly, successfully to complete the task.Also we extend our thanks to The Secretary, The Principal and The Staff members of the SSK Polytechni c College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. References Ali, H. , P. J. Houghton, and Soumyanath, A. 2006. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107: 449-455. Evans, W. C. , and Evans, T. 2003. Pharmacognosy, 5th Edn. , Cambridge University Press, London, 336-93. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Karthic, K. , K. S. Kirthiram, S. Sadasivam, and Thayumanavan, B. 2008. Identification of amylase inhibitors from Syzygium cumini Linn seeds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 6:677- 680. Krishnaveni,S. , B.Theymoli, and Sadasivam,S. 1984. Food Chem. 15: 229. Malik,C. P. , and Singh, M. B. 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 278. Rajiv Gandhi, G. , and Sasikumar, P. 2012. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm. F. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2: 281-286. Rhabaso Lhoret, R. , and Chiasson, J. L. , 2004. Glucosidase inhibitors. In: Defronzo R. A, Ferrannini E, Keen H, Zimmet P. (Eds. ), International Textbook of Di abetes Mellitus, Vol. 1, third ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , UK, pp. 901-914. Ross, I. A. 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Human Press Inc. , Totowa, NJ. 263-272. Shai, L. J. , P. Masoko, M. PMokgotho, S. R. Magano, M. A. Mogale, N. Boaduo, and Eloff, J. N. 2010. South African J. Bot. 76: 465 470. Syamsudin,S. , 2010. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2. 430-435. Wild, S. , G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and King, H. 2004. Global prevalence of Diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 27:1047-1053. 19

Confidentiality in Counseling

Confidentiality in Counseling Counseling describes a method of relating and responding to other individuals with the aim of providing them with an opportunity to explore, discover, and clarify ways of living more satisfyingly and resourcefully (Bond, 2000). It depends on the context in which the word is used to derive the actual meaning. Generally, counseling is a service provided by a trained professional and it is a process that involves a series of steps.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Confidentiality in Counseling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These include identifying the problem that needs to be addressed-such problems could be from the client who needs counseling help, consider the outcome of the decision (to the client and the entire society) understanding the client, assessing ones potential competence (skills that are required to solve the current problem), consideration of ethical standards in relation to the situation. In counseli ng, information shared includes one’s body, mind and thoughts, beliefs, feelings and fantasies (Burnard, 2005) Confidentiality refers to the ethical principle of not revealing information known to a given party to unauthorized parties. This principle ensures secrecy among two or more parties who share information to them. In addition, confidentiality restricts giving information to third parties. Counseling involves so much classified information being revealed by the client. For instance, it may involve confessions and revelations of past and current situations of darkest and very sensitive high profile information of crimes, plans that are underway to achieve a given objective, secrets that could lead to arrests and prosecution by law and other forms of confidential information that should not be allowed to reach a third party. Counseling takes on different forms depending on the situation, such as traumatic experience that has occurred in ones life, or information required on medical, career, legal, spiritual, and emotional situations that have affected a client either short or long-term. In either situation, the information shared between the client and the professional counselor should be kept and treated with the privacy and confidentiality that is deserved with regard to conformity to legal standards that describe confidentiality (Feltham and Dryden, 2006). Both confidentiality and privacy are integrally related. Privacy allows individuals to limit access to information about themselves whereas confidentiality allows individuals to control access of the information they have shared, hence enabling the development of client trust with the counselor (McLeod, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different groups Counseling involves a variety of different age groups; matters that affects these groups and most of the groups that seek counse ling services tend to assume that whatever they are divulging to their counselor, will be kept confidential for children and adolescents, there are many critical issues that face them, which need that counselors maintain confidentiality in offering their services. The adult clients are assumed rational in providing any kind of information to the counselors. Managing confidentiality in counseling minors tends to be very complex because most of them are frightened and have doubts that the information given out might be divulged to third parties, who might threaten the minors to the extent of causing more harm to them (McLeod, 2004). Ethical dilemma and steps Having a mentally disturbed patient who suffers from paranoia, at this point, the situation needing attention is a description of paranoia, the different forms, and symptoms with the patient and how to calm the effects of paranoia. The therapist decides on the best way possible to handle the patient. The decision made will affect both the patient and other colleagues in different ways-the patient should be informed of the measures to take when certain feelings of anxiety, fear, and or violent reactions come up. The psychologist should contact the patient’s family or friends and inform them about the consequences of the situation. Consultations and information gathering about the issue of paranoia from other professionals, the internet, and medical literatures will enhance the process of decision making by the psychologist, in order to provide best assistance, the psychologist can also direct the patient to another professional colleague who has vast experience on such situation. In such cases, the ethical standard of confidentiality is breached so to allow extensive acquiring and dissemination of knowledge that will be helpful in assisting both the patient and the entire community, but privacy and anonymity of patients situation should be taken into consideration. In order to clearly understand and p rovide solution to the situation, the psychologist should analyze the links between family, behavior, culture, and relevant theories that correlate to the dilemma of the patient.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Confidentiality in Counseling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, counseling jeopardizes a person’s feelings, rights, position, and judgment. In this situation, the psychologist should prioritize the patient’s dilemma, and consider performance to the best even if it breaches the legalities, provided it does not endanger the patient-community relation. In offering the professional services, the psychologist should consider the role of other aspects in the community towards the decisions undertaken in the entire process, how paranoia is perceived within the cultural, religious, and social contexts, and corrective steps taken should such aspects result into conflicts, by either seeking legal assistance. In case of unexpected results in future, the psychologist should develop alternative courses of action-if for example the services given to the paranoia patient fails, or face prejudice from community, prescription of other professional services should be advised accordingly. The situation at hand should be looked at and advised within a larger perspective in consideration to the effects and those affected by the decision; the process should accommodate and harmonize the perspectives of all the members involved in counseling. All the decisions made by the professional counselor should be undertaken in consideration of personal responsibility to the latter, through reconciliatory means in consideration to ethical code, response, and actions. The possible outcome and the eventuality of the results should be evaluated by the psychologist in terms of the overall action taken in providing counseling services to the paranoia patient and the results, if negative, other ca use of action should be prescribed to correct the situation of either the patient, conflict from society, legal issues, and other areas. The above processes should be followed by the psychologist to ensure that the decision taken in order to assist the paranoia patient does not compromise the safety of all the parties involved. In addition, the services provided help the patient’s life in future; it will ensure that future challenges are overcome in a conflict free environment while guaranteeing better professional services to patients (Pope, Vasquez, 2007, p.111). Challenges facing Confidentiality Sometimes, in the counseling process, not all the information is availed by the client and such information could be needed for different issues to take place. For example, a client who has been severally abused sexually by his/her parents, or a stranger for that matter could hide such information from the counselor due to the relation that exists between the client and the perpetr ator.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This hidden information is required by the counselor and medical practitioners to prescribe medication and other measures for the client. Hence, the counselor might opt to get the information from a third party to be able to ensure the success of counseling. Such a situation breaches confidentiality of the information for both parties. Parental consent Parental consent is needed from parent or guardian before entering counseling relationship especially in cases where the minors are considered not to make informed decisions about certain issues. However, their inclusion in the counseling process might restrict some information form the minors and as a result breaching confidentiality of the entire process. Competency (Age limits) – where the client is a minor, an adult has a great influence towards confidentiality. For minors who are seen as irrational in terms of revealing information and making decisions, the confidentiality is not guaranteed to some extent because a third party has to be involved in such a context to reveal or confirm certain information. The competency of age determines the confidentiality of the counseling process. Legal issues Matters concerning the various laws of any given state influence confidentiality in a way; for example, in cases of minor pregnancy, the minor might refuse to inform her parents about the plans for an abortion or even the pregnancy. Thus, if the abortion goes out of hand, the counselor is held responsible by law as for not informing the parents. Moreover, privacy rights influence confidentiality in counseling. Decisions making models Several models are used by counselors to promote the clients welfare depending on the situation at hand. Here, complexity of the situation and information provided by the client would influence the use of a third party. Privileged communication – This refers to the rights that protect clients from disclosing information during legal proceedings without informed consent (Pat, 1998). Confidentiality in various situations is breached, such as where it has involved notifiable diseases and the entire society has to be informed of the disease and its dangers. Other situation involve the births and deaths of individuals by the clients, information given to the police officers due to accidents and or crime, court orders which would require that certain information be made available to third parties, and where the professionals have to share certain information. All these forms result in breaching of confidentiality in any cases of counseling (Palmer, 1997). Benefits of confidentiality The client benefits from confidentiality during the counseling process in that, the client has a secure environment to give a full and frank account of issues pertaining to the problems they are facing. In other words, the client has someone whom he or she can accord trust for counseling services. Confidentiality supports public confidence and trust in both counseling and th e general healthcare services. It expresses mutual respect for the client or patient, and the autonomy of the patient is guaranteed. Confidentiality also guarantees the clients’ beneficence, non-maleficence (no intentions of harming the client whatsoever), justice and equal treatment and fidelity (loyalty, reliability and action in good faith). In certain cases, confidentiality reduces chances of the client being vulnerable to certain risks that may arise if the information revealed is made public and or relayed to a third party. Confidentiality ensures that the clients’ situation is dealt with, however nasty it may look to the client, and hence reduces chances of certain solvable situations worsening and becoming catastrophic in future. Clients are able to access professional assistance without the fear of victimization, and hence the reduction of the guilty conscience in the clients’ lives (Poon, 2003). Conclusion Counseling involves numerous services that are provided to the clients by professional counselors. These services concern and influence a persons taste, beliefs, thoughts, and fantasies. Confidentiality greatly influences the entire process of counseling, as the client and the professional counselor have to build and maintain trustworthy ground of access to information from both parties for the entire process to be successful. Different groups influence the extent of confidentiality during the counseling process, hence resulting into variation of management of confidentiality among the different groups. There are situations where confidentiality needs to be breached in order to get specific information about certain issues, and also to solve and prevent the occurrence of catastrophes in the entire society from the influence of information provided by the client. The clients benefit from confidentiality in many different ways. In counseling, the professionals should adhere and strictly maintain and ensure that privacy and confid entiality of the process is maintained to the latter, as this ensures the success of the counseling process. References Bond, T. (2000). Standards and ethics for counseling in action. London: Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=yVx3LkOQA8YCpg=PA150dq=confidentiality+in+counsellinghl=enei=XtLDTeb0DtHLswaM9_WHDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=confidentiality%20in%20counsellingf=true. Burnard, P. (2005). Counseling skills for health professionals. London: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=xQIqC-_49wECpg=PA188dq=confidentiality+in+counsellinghl=enei=XtLDTeb0DtHLswaM9_WHDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=confidentiality%20in%20counsellingf=true. Feltham, C., and Dryden, W. (2006). Brief counselling: a practical, integrative approach. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=ak_sybCOn-gCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false. McLeod, J. (2004). The counsellors workbook: developing a personal approach. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=GpZsUxLdgvYCpg=PA102dq=confidentiality+in+counsellinghl=enei=eDLGTdvuAsXNswbsm7SXDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=confidentiality%20in%20counsellingf=false. Palmer, S. (1997). Handbook of counseling. London: Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Hloe33OCZqECpg=PA525dq=confidentiality+in+counsellinghl=enei=XtLDTeb0DtHLswaM9_WHDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=confidentiality%20in%20counsellingf=true. Pat, L. (1998). Counseling Minors: Ethical and Legal Issues. Counseling and Values, Vol, 42, Issue 3. Retrieved from pc3connect.org/otherdocs/COUNSELING%20MINORS-%20ETHICAL%20AND%20LEGAL%20ISSUES.PDF. Poon, S, M. (2003). Counseling â€Å"for life enrichment faith, hope, and love.† Singapore: All Nations Enterprise Ltd. Retrieved from https://boo ks.google.com/books?id=VJD3mdqSk6oCprintsec=frontcoverdq=counsellinghl=enei=-9bDTa7NJY_CtAbakvHIDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CFwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageqf=false Pope, S, K., Vasquez, T, J. (2007). Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling. CA: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Teamwork Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teamwork Philosophy - Essay Example The kind of team I have to work with as a manager belongs to the second category because it is a project team. Many important functions of such teams ranging from completing work to developing system innovations to delivering quality to customers heavily depend on good communication. This is why a recent research survey has revealed ineffective communication â€Å"as the biggest barrier to team effectiveness† (Cardon, 2014, p. 66). Good teams are based on a solid foundation of goals and norms. One of the most decisive goals is being able to negotiate or discuss options in a healthy way. There are many sensitive managers who want to avoid confrontation as much as possible and prefer to find escape in difficult times instead of addressing the problem at hand. Research has it members of effective teams consider it critically important â€Å"to spend most of their time discussing work issues† . This is the state of high-performing teams. In contrast, lower-performing teams do not make wise investments in discussing work problems which prevents team members from bonding around work issues. In order to accomplish goals on time, I intend to lead my team by developing a common sense of purpose. Research claims that organizing problem-solving meeting can help to align interests of managers and team members. Many times teams perform poorly because there are conflicting interests. This conflict becomes a hurdle in the way of achieving a common goal.  Ã‚     I am personally strictly against suppressing someone’s voice to advance my personal interests.

Weight Loss and Triglyceride Level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Weight Loss and Triglyceride Level - Essay Example A diet containing more energy than needed may lead to prolonged postprandial hyperlipidaemia and to deposition of triglycerides in adipose tissues resulting in obesity. From a practical point of view, all hypotheses regarding the genesis of obesity can be put down to over-nutrition, meaning a hyper-energy food intake. If at all a relationship exists, this could make a sound basis for preventive and therapeutic recommendations (Anderson, J.W. and Hoie, L.H., 2005). Elevation of serum cholesterol is one of the factors that carry an increased risk for the development of coronary heart disease. Today, there is a vast body of evidence demonstrating a triangular causal relationship between habitual diet, blood cholesterol-lipoprotein levels, and coronary heart disease. In a very large proportion of individuals with a raised cholesterol level, the blood concentration of the triglycerides is also markedly increased. It has been claimed that correlation between triglycerides and coronary heart disease is as good as that between serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease. Research work has suggested that triglyceride levels may act as significant independent risk factors for coronary heart disease. Both cholesterol and triglycerides are associated with specific proteins in the plasma to form lipoproteins (Van Gaal, L.C., Mertens, I.L., and Ballaux, D., 2005). Thus the significance of the risk factor has not been determined, and this case study aims at finding this relationship in a small sample size of 35 obese patients with the hypothesis that restricting the consumption of fatty acids and exercise in order to reduce the body weight of these patients will reduce the triglyceride levels and would reduce the risks of coronary heart disease in these patients in a predictable manner such that a generalization can be made as to how much weight needs to be reduced to achieve a goal serum triglyceride level, and this can be calculated with the formula in a given population that matches with the patients included in this study. Characteristics of the Patients: The patients were obese. By definition, obesity is abnormal growth of the adipose tissue due to an enlargement of the fat cell size or increase in the fact cell number or a combination of both. Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index. The composition of the diet and the amount of energy driven from it are relevant to the aetiology of obesity. Consequently, a diet containing more energy than needed may lead to prolonged post-prandial hyperlipidaemia and to deposition of triglycerides in adipose tissue resulting in obesity. This group of patients is obese as per the previous definition. In these patients, the obesity is presumed to be due to high energy intake in the diet as opposed to the energy expenditure in the form of work or exercise (Nordmann, A.J. et al., 2006). The most important determinant of triglyceride level is the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase in the endothelial lining of the capillaries of a variety of tissues including heart. If dietary fat intake is high, then the capacity of this enzyme to remove triglycerides particularly from the very low density lipoproteins and converting them to lipoproteins of the higher density would be affected. The result would be deposition of triglycerides in the media of the small arteries leading to atherosclerosis and luminal compromise leading to decreased blood flow at the time of the need. Thus the only way to reduce this risk of coronary heart disease is to reduce body weight by means of reduced consumption of fatty acids and exercise. Concomitantly, drug therapy with statins would also reduce the trigly

Physical And Slapstick Comedy Film Studies Essay

Physical And Slapstick Comedy Film Studies Essay Early film comedy certainly focuses more on physical comedy-the slap in the face, the anvil falling on a head kind of stuff. With film being silent, you had to focus on body language to convey meaning. Plots were usually ridiculous and as one punch was being set up, another was being knocked-down. When we finally put sound to film, everything changed. Not only did plot improve, but sound effects added to the mood and tone of a piece. In October, 1927, The Jazz Singer, the first talkie by Warner Brothers, introduced some limited audio. It included the music and some background and sound effects, but no dialogue. It would be another year before dialogue would be included. For one, the technology hadnt been created and many filmmakers and critics, who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema, (wiki 1). The first feature film to include dialogue was also a Warner Brothers film, The Tenderloin, though only 15 of its 88 minutes actually had dialogue, (wiki). Unfortunately for those comedians who made a career in the world of silent film, such as Charlie Chaplin and, Anny Ondra, didnt fair well in the talkies. The few who did make the transition flourished. Martin Sills and Al Jolson continued their success, while the Marx Brothers finally found their niche. Having found fame in Vaudeville, the Marx Brothers came to the silver screen in their first motion picture Cocoanuts (1929). The Brothers always played the same characters, Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo and was instantly recognized because of their avant-garde personas. There comedy style was very slap-stick (even violent) and sometimes non-sensical. The fact is, slap-stick comedy is often violent and not equally funny. If you filled a room full of a hundred people and showed them old-comedy reels, not everyone would laugh. At times, I was the person not laughing. I discovered that the humor had a lot to do with context and background. In One Week, a couple is crossing a train track and narrowly misses being hit by a train. Then, on key, a train hits their stuff from the other direction. Funny stuff, right? Perhaps not if you recently had a friend killed by a train. I paid more attention this semester when watching popular television shows such as Americas Funniest Home Videos. I discovered that I often gasped in disbelief, not laughter. A middle-aged-man acting like a monkey on a trampoline is funny, but Im not sure how him falling off, face first, doesnt make more people think of the life time of medical bills or rehabilitation he might have to endure. I assume that my background in caring for someone injured and the struggles Ive had with injury have tarnished my ability to find humor in dangerous situations. The humor might be lost on the few who look at these situational comedies differently. These films (Duck Soup and Slapstick Masters) also pioneered some of the situational comedy that is still popular today. Some of these examples include: the anvil on the head, the near-miss train, sawing the wrong end of beam, etc. When these films were popular, it was the first time people saw these skits and stunts. I would imagine that audiences were in stitches. And, when you look at the seriousness of their lives, war, depression, and economic collapse, this type of humor was a welcome break from factory life. They needed that release. My generation grew up watching full-color, full-access cable and weve seen hundreds of these skits time and time again. I found the old Charlie Chaplin and Marx Brothers routines to be predictable. Basically, Ive seen it before. The mirror routine that the Marx Brothers perform in Duck Soup, Ive seen at least twice, in The Parent Trap and Strictly Business. I have thousands of hours of cartoons catalogued in my brain. The Road Runner and Wylie Coyote used a lot of these slap-stick techniques such as the classic stick of TNT, with a faulty fuse, that explodes on the initiator. We also have some modern slapstick heros such as Jim Carey and Chevy Chase. And Saturday Night Live is full of physical comedy and off-color humor. It appears the older I get the more I prefer satire or intellectual comedy. I dont want to be handed the joke I want to work for it. I think the Cohen Brothers share my philosophy and tend to produce dark comedies. The Big Lebowski, one of the few Cohen films I was not familiar with, definitely uses satire. The Dude gets roped into a scheme to save Bunny, a near-broke millionaires trophy wife from kidnappers. The Dude was originally mistaken for the millionaire when a group of thugs came to collect a debt from him. They ruined his rug and the Dude sought out the real Lebowski for restitution. He takes a rug and returns to his humdrum life, bowling with his inept friends and smoking pot. The film has a huge cast of characters, and each one adds some twist to the plot. In the end, we find that Bunny returns from holiday (unbeknownst to her husband) and Mr. Lebowski turns out to be as crooked as his fake kidnappers. The Dude returns to his normal life and continues to bowl, albeit one friend less. This is the kind of irony-ridden, plot twisting, ridiculousness, I just love and it makes you laugh. Its absurd. We certainly saw a wide-range of comedic works this semester. I was introduced to works Ive never seen, a few I never heard of, and several I would have never watched on my own. I understand a bit more about why people find some thing things humorous while others do not. I also learned more about early American film, and how actors of the day, especially from Vaudeville struggled to make the shift from a live audience to that of paid-patrons of the silver-screen. Comedy is perhaps the hardest type of writing to produce and perhaps the hardest to perform because of the endless variables of the audience. Humor is fickle, but if you find it, laughter can be timeless.